characteristics of ethiopian agriculture

Wubne, Mulatu. In the highlands, oxen provided draft power in crop production. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave3, 2015-2016. Consequently, individual holdings were frequently far smaller than the permitted maximum allotment of ten hectares. The program later facilitated the establishment of similar internationally supported and financed projects at Ada'a Chukala (just south of Addis Ababa), Welamo, and Humera. The two dominant agricultural systems in Ethiopia are the mixed agriculture of the highlands, where both crops and livestock production are integrated, and pastoralism in the lowlands. Overall, the economic reform plan sets out required strategic interventions to increase agricultural productivity and modernization of agriculture in the next 10 years. Despite the emphasis on state farms, state farm production accounted for only 6% of total agricultural output in 1987 (although meeting 65% of urban needs), leaving peasant farmers responsible for over 90% of production. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. The major binding constraints of the sector are insufficient yields due to inefficient provision of inputs and services, unclear land lease rights, limited investment in R&D and irrigation, marketing and logistics related problems, and lack of agriculture-specific financial services. About three-quarters of the total sheep flock is in the highlands, whereas lowland pastoralists maintain about three-quarters of the goat herd. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. Agron., 16: 180-195. . [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Private . Brighter Green, 2. The report includes the market size, recent trends, industry statistics, and analysis. During the 1970s, coffee exports accounted for 50-60% of the total value of all exports, although coffee's share dropped to 25% as a result of the economic dislocation following the 1974 revolution. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. Many of the existing and anticipated increases in livestock production, as envisioned under the LMP, are linked to the consistent availability of quality livestock feed, animal genetics, and veterinary services. The particular GE cotton variety of interest is a product that is resistant to cotton bollworm, which is a pest challenge many farmers struggle to manage. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Meat and poultry processing, and supporting equipment and systems. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. These areas are used by pastoralists who move back and forth in the area following the availability of pasture for their animals. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Since the 2000s, Ethiopia has emerged as one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Teff, indigenous to Ethiopia, furnishes the flour for enjera, an sourdough pancake-like bread that is the principal form in which grain is consumed in the highlands and in urban centers throughout the country. Their resistance to this change increased when Zemecha members campaigned for collectivization of land and oxen. Contributions, potentials and characteristics of agriculture in Ethiopia The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia The Ethiopian economy is an agrarian economy. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . In the same fiscal year, 707,059.29 hectares under cultivation produced 6,169,279.99 quintals of oilseeds, an increase from the previous year of 4,970,839.57 quintals grown on 741,790.98 hectares. Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. Agriculture, which constituted 46 percent of GDP and more than 80 percent of exports, is by far the most important economic activity in the Ethiopian economy. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. Jorge Morales Pedraza. University students led the land reform movement and campaigned against the government's reluctance to introduce land reform programs and the lack of commitment to integrated rural development. Ethiopia Socioeconomic Survey Wave2, 2013-2014. Agriculture is the country's most promising resource management. A major subsistence crop, barley is used as food and in the production of tella, a locally produced beer. [25], Both the imperial and the Marxist governments tried to improve livestock production by instituting programs such as free vaccination, well-digging, construction of feeder roads, and improvement of pastureland, largely through international organizations such as the World Bank and the African Development Bank. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. Though the raising of livestock always has been largely a subsistence activity,[22] intensive, factory farm facilities are gaining in popularity and are present in Addis Ababa and Debre Zeit, run by Ethiopian agribusiness ELFORA. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. 133 8.5.2. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is responsible for the statistical data generation related to the socio-economic condition of the country. During 1983-84 the Ministry of Agriculture used "food for work" projects to raise 65 million tree seedlings, plant 18,000 hectares of land, and terrace 9,500 hectares of land. Camels also play a key role as pack animals in areas below 1,500 meters in elevation. Lithosols, Cambisols, Nitosols, Vertisols, Xerosols, Solonchaks, Fluvisols and Luvisols cover more than 80% of the country, and are the most important soils. In addition, the ten-year development plan aims at boosting agricultural export revenues and substituting imports by reducing production costs. Ethiopia's crop agriculture is complex, involving substantial variation in crops grown across the country's different regions and ecologies. Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. Ethiopia is home to one of the largest livestock populations in Africa. Households spend an average of 40% of their total food budget on cereals. These figures varied from those provided by the World Bank, which estimated that cropland, pasture, and forestland accounted for 13%, 41%, and 25%, respectively, of the total land area in 1987. Estimates for 1987 indicated that livestock production contributed one-third of agriculture's share of GDP, or nearly 15 percent of total GDP. Beef exports are also growing, with additional market opportunities on the horizon. Three factors contributed to the decline in the relative importance of pulses and oilseeds. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Abstract The objective of this study was to perform causality tests between agriculture and the rest of the economy using a Granger (1969) causality test procedure. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. In addition, it is hoped that the number of key crops are doubled from 18.1m metric to 39.5m metric tonnes. Approximately 25% of Ethiopia's population depended directly or indirectly on coffee for its livelihood. Agricultural equipment and systems, such as tractors, irrigation equipment, and grain handling Infrastructure like, silos, cold storage facilities, etc. Agriculture. As a result, agriculture continued to grow, albeit below the population growth rate. The opportunities and constraints facing Ethiopian agriculture are strongly influenced by conditions which vary across geographical space. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Source: Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, Total Market Size = (Total Local Production + Total Imports) (Total Exports). Agricultural products account for more than 90 percent of the foreign exchange earnings of the country . In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. 2. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . Background and Objective: Detailed characterization of bio-physical resources in agricultural landscapes and documenting locally used soil fertility management practices is required for developing site-specific management scenarios in the study area. Per capita meat consumption was high by developing countries' standards, an estimated thirteen kilograms annually. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. [7] Despite government efforts, farmers responded less than enthusiastically. [7], Cattle in Ethiopia are almost entirely of the zebu type and are poor sources of milk and meat. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. It is cultivated principally by the Gurage, Sidama, and several other ethnic groups in the region. More details on the latest grain and oilseeds situation in Ethiopia can be found in our Grain & Feed and our Oilseeds Reports. Potential opportunities exist for sales of U.S. livestock genetics and chicken meat. The process meant not only smaller farms but also the fragmentation of holdings, which were often scattered into small plots to give families land of comparable quality. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. In order to address the ongoing drought, the GOE is renewing its emphasis on developing the countrys irrigation systems and water-harvesting methodologies. Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Section D. [9], The population in the lowland peripheries (below 1,500 meters) is nomadic, engaged mainly in livestock raising. The Homegrown economic reform plan identified structural and institutional bottlenecks affecting the agricultural sector in Ethiopia. Official websites use .gov Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. Mengistu told the 1989 WPE party congress that at US$0.32 per kilogram, foreign-exchange earnings from coffee would have dropped by 240 million Birr, and government revenue would have been reduced by 140 million Birr by the end of 1989. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. An estimated 85 percent of the . will supply the domestic market. In chtse area intensive farming is carried on in limited. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 197475 to 74,900 tons in 198485. With the support of the IMF, the Ethiopian government has developed an ambitious Homegrown Economic Reform Planto propel the countrys economic progress. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy. fINTENSIVE FARMING. Commercial agriculture using the river basins, such as the Awash Basin, is a recent phenomenon. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has embarked on a ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030) where agriculture is on the top of priority sectors. These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. The ten-year plan called for an increase in the size of state farms producing coffee from 14,000 to 15,000 hectares to 50,000 hectares by 1994. However, expansion was constrained by inadequate nutrition, disease, a lack of support services such as extension services, insufficient data with which to plan improved services, and inadequate information on how to improve animal breeding, marketing, and processing. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. [16] In 20062007 (the latest year available), exports of oilseeds accounted for 15.78% of export earnings (or million 187.4 Birr) and pulses 5.92% (or 70.3 million Birr). The 1977 famine also provided an impetus to promote conservation. 27 May 2021. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. Skip to Article Content; Skip to Article Information; Search within. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. Among the top priorities identified by the GOE include: small and large-scale irrigation development, financing agricultural inputs, increasing productivity of crops and livestock, improving agricultural production methods using mechanization, post-harvest loss reduction, developing a research-based food security system, and natural resource management. As such, investment opportunities in feed, genetics and veterinary services and the supporting industries are expected to grow in the coming years. The data from 460 sheep were used for the determination of morphometric characterization while 110 male sheep and 150 females were used to characterize the reproductive performance of Blackhead Somali sheep breeds. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. Following their rise to power, on March 4, 1975, the Derg proclaimed their land reform program. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . These soils are found in both the northern and the southern highlands in areas with poor drainage. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. fruit crops, stimulant crops and sugar cane are cultivated by farmers and other agricultural sectors in Ethiopia. It is a major subsistence crop and it is used as food. Agriculture dominates the Ethiopian economy, accounting for about 50 percent of its GDP and 82 percent of its employment. The government mobilized farmers and organized "food for work" projects to build terraces and plant trees. [11], The primary motive for the expansion of state farms was the desire to reverse the drop in food production that has continued since the revolution. With about 117 million people (2021), Ethiopia is the second most populous nation in Africa after Nigeria, and still the fastest growing economy in the region, with 6.3% growth in FY2020/21. Nevertheless, Ethiopia's manufacturing sector is still far from being the engine of growth and structural change. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . Furthermore, cropping has become more intensive and needs more labour; the establishment of exclosures and the expansion of cropland have led to less grazing grounds. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Grains - Grains are the most important field crops and the main element in the diet of most Ethiopians. [10], Until the 1974 revolution, Ethiopia had a complex land tenure system, which some have described as feudal. The second type consists of brownish-to-gray and black soils with a high clay content. At the same time, to accelerate the countrys agricultural development, the government established the Agricultural Transformation Institute (ATI) to address systemic bottlenecks in the agriculture sector by supporting and enhancing the capability of the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and other public, private, and non-governmental implementing partners. Ethiopia follows the Julian calendar consisting of 12 months of 30 days each and a 13th month of 5 or 6 days. Mia MacDonald and Justine Simon (2010) Climate, Food Security, & Growth: Ethiopia's Complex Relationship with Livestock. Cookies on OCLC websites. The beneficial climate in the Highlands of Ethiopia also enabled irrigation and other advanced agricultural technology. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. [7], Ethiopia's coffee is almost exclusively of the arabica type, which grows best at altitudes between 1,000 and 2,000 meters. Our web pages use cookiesinformation about how you interact with the site. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. This growth is expected to create investment and trade opportunities for certain commodities and open doors for veterinary and other livestock services. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. The Ethiopian Government set up the Growth and Transformation Plan (GTP) to reach certain goals between 2011 and 2015. Some of these products, especially the textiles, apparel, leather goods, and finished meat products are targeted for export markets in order to generate foreign exchange. Commercial Imports from the United States, Source: USDA/Foreign Agriculture Service, Addis Ababa, (Total market size = (total local production + imports) - exports). ", Table D.1.1, "The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Statistical Appendix", p. 26. Recently, the GOE has permitted imports of basic food commodities using franco-valuta scheme to narrow supply and demand gap and reduce rising inflation in the country. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The principal grains are teff, wheat, barley, corn, sorghum, and millet. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . The directorates goal is to increase productivity, employment, technology transfer, and foreign exchange reserves by attracting investors with incentives and favorable land lease terms. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). The AMC set quotas of grain purchases to be delivered by peasant associations and cooperatives and also bought from private wholesalers, who were required to sell half of their purchases at predetermined prices. [7], The effect of the Derg's land reform program on food production and its marketing and distribution policies were among two of the major controversies surrounding the revolution. For this to happen, the government will need to guarantee sufficient allocations of foreign exchange. Available data on crop production show that land reform and the various government rural programs had a minimal impact on increasing the food supply, as production levels displayed considerable fluctuations and low growth rates at best. Almost the entire rural population was involved in some way with animal husbandry, whose role included the provision of draft power, food, cash, transportation, fuel, and, especially in pastoral areas, social prestige. Such wide price variations created food shortages because farmers as well as private merchants withheld crops to sell on the black market at higher prices.[7]. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . Recurring drought takes a heavy toll on the animal population, although it is difficult to determine the extent of losses. Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. D. espite the countr. Ethiopia's major staple crops include a variety of cereals, pulses, oilseeds, and coffee. }, author={Tesfaye Haile}, journal={Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences}, year={1988}, volume={10}, pages={85-97} } T. Haile; Published 14 July 1988; Geography; Ethiopian Journal of Agricultural Sciences Download. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. Note: Top 3 trade partners are calculated by imports + exports. This site contains PDF documents. The third most important oilseed is sesame, which grows at elevations from sea level to about 1,500 meters. Yet, information regarding its extent, distribution, causes, and lime requirement at a scale relevant to subsistence farming systems is still lacking. Advanced Search Citation Search . This modest increase, however, was not enough to offset a general decrease in GDP during the same period. To make matters worse, during the 1972-74 drought and famine the imperial government refused to assist rural Ethiopians and tried to cover up the crisis by refusing international aid. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) The industry began in 2004, when the government made an aggressive push for foreign investments by establishing a presence at major international floricultural events. <i>Results . As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually and agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of the gross domestic product (GDP).

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