child custody statistics by gender uk
All results relate to England and Wales unless explicitly stated otherwise. A technical document titled A Guide to Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System is available alongside this report, which provides users with information on the concepts and terminology used within the report, as well as information about data sources, data quality and references. This chapter explores the nature, extent and risks of victimisation, as reported in the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW): year ending March 2020[footnote 2][footnote 3][footnote 4][footnote 5], Homicide in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and associated publications including Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019, and the Nature of Violent Crime in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. , A release is defined as a release from prison where the prisoner has finished serving the custodial term of their sentence and excludes unsentenced prisoners on remand. , The analysis in this chapter excludes defendants where age or sex is unknown unless stated otherwise. In 2019, fines were the most common sentence given to both male and female offenders sentenced at all courts, but females typically had less severe sentencing outcomes. Some 18 year olds remain in the secure estate for children and young people if they only have a short period of their sentence to serve, to avoid disrupting their regimes. The overall level of concordance between sentences proposed and sentences given (excluding Other) has fallen from 74% in 2017 to 68% in 2018 and was 60% in 2019. This idea was developed in the 1980s by Richard Gardner, a crank psychiatrist who thought child sexual abuse is not necessarily traumatic, and that mothers who don't fulfil their partners. Please send any comments to: datausers@justice.gov.uk. These figures had also reduced significantly from the previous year (males: 13.8%; females: 7.1%). , If enforcement officers suspect a household of watching or recording live TV without a valid licence and are not able to contact anyone at the property by letter or by telephone, they visit the household in person. Figure 8.03: Indictable offences with the highest proportion of female convictions, England and Wales, 2019. Data mentioned can be found on the page linked. Youth custody data for October 2017 published. The summary offences with the highest proportion of females among those convicted in 2019 were[footnote 115]: TV licence evasion females made up 74% of the 114,000 convictions in 2019, up 3 pp from 2015. This difference is likely to be linked to the greater seriousness of offences typically dealt with at the Crown Court. All official statistics should comply with all aspects of the Code of Practice for Statistics. As at June 2019, the female prison population was 3,800 and has decreased 3% over the last 5 years, compared to 78,900 for the male prison population (decreasing 4% over the same time period). Significantly more females were victim to theft from the person, than males. Youth custody report for August 2013 published. Females reported that it was harder for family and friend to visit them in prison (this may be due to there being fewer female prisons so the average distance from home is greater). Overall, of the young offenders sentenced/cautioned, a larger proportion of young males (14%) had been permanently excluded compared to young females (10%). The analysis in this report addresses the key subject areas and goes some way to provide an evidence base for monitoring progress and aiding policy making decisions for the future. In 2019/20, 2.6% of all children were victims of violent crime. In contrast to what is seen for police and magistrates courts remand, females consistently had a higher proportion than males to be bailed at the Crown Court. As with adults, the most common offence group was violence against the person, for which 37% of female young people were being dealt with when referred to liaison and diversion services compared to 19% of male young people. In 2019, 1.07 million offenders were sentenced, of which 27% were female, a proportion which has remained stable over the last 5 years. It covers statistics on arrests and detentions under the Mental Health Act (1983), which are published by the Home Office in the Police Powers and Procedures, England and Wales, year ending 31 March 2020 publication. Every effort is made to ensure that the figures presented are accurate and complete. A fast delivery PSR is only suitable where the case was of low seriousness or medium seriousness, and where the court indicates that a community sentence is being considered. Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 1999 October 2002 In the spring of 2000, an estimated 13.5 million parents had custody of 21.7 million children under 21 years of age whose other parent lived somewhere else. There are still more single moms raising children, but it's likely inaccurate that the court is biased toward granting women custody. Contrastingly, the HMPPS HQ (and Area Services) has a majority female staff, increasing to 59% in 2020. Offenders with 15 or more previous cautions or convictions. Errors in our statistical systems and processes. Between 2015 and 2019, offenders of unknown sex comprised less than 1% of offenders. The number of individuals formally dealt with by the CJS includes defendants prosecuted at magistrates court and individuals given a caution or Penalty Notice for Disorder (PND). The total number of defendants in 2019 including those who fail to appear, companies and where gender is unknown was 1.44 million. However, this was lower than the proportion of pupils achieving this attainment level for the overall pupil population (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 99] and 2014/15[footnote 100] (99% for young females and 98% for young males). The number of arrests has seen a larger percentage decrease for children than adults over the last 5 years, with decreases of 21% for adults and 27% for children since 2015/16. A copy of this statement can be found at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/downloads/statistics/mojstats/statistics-revisions-policy.pdf. For example, prisons are either male or female institutions, with prisoners normally placed based on their legally recognised gender. Youth custody report for February 2015 published. , Data are from the most recently published Homicide in England and Wales, 2018/19. News stories, speeches, letters and notices, Reports, analysis and official statistics, Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate reports. This section looks at offenders starting supervision as a result of a court order, including those starting supervision as a result of a community order or a suspended sentence order[footnote 68]. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure children's homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs).. Defendants with unknown or not stated sex accounted for 10% of all prosecutions in 2019. The overall levels of attainment for the cohort are slightly higher for the young female group, with 46% achieving 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to G, including English and Maths, compared to 43% for young males. In comparison, 21,500 males were remanded in custody at the Crown Court for indictable offences: 72% of these were White, 14% were Black, 7% were Asian, 4% were Mixed and 2% were Chinese and Other. A higher proportion of females also reported having a child under 18. Crime higher concerns legal representation in the Crown Court and above. In the 2019/20 HM Inspectorate of Prisons survey, females reported significantly more negative results for questions related to problems on arrival at prison. , Data is from Domestic abuse in England and Wales: year ending March 2019. Since 2015, the ACSL for indictable offences has risen for both male and female offenders from all ethnic groups[footnote 76]. To meet these commitments, all of our statistical publications will: Ensure that the need for major revisions for any series are pre-announced on the Ministry of Justice website. TV licence evasion made up 30% of all female convictions, compared to 4% of male convictions. , Further information regarding the impacts on published estimates of the ongoing data reforms seen in the criminal courts can be found at the following link: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020/criminal-court-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2020, Plea data is sourced from the Criminal Justice Statistics Quarterly: December 2019 bulletin and excludes companies, defendants with unknown sex and unknown plea. A higher proportion of female defendants were not remanded by police, which may be due in part to the different types of offences for which females and males are prosecuted and hence the risk they are perceived as representing. This proportion was 5 percentage points lower than the proportion of adult females that were prosecuted for indictable offences, at 15%. In general, the higher the proportion of students who received FSM, the higher the severity of the disposal category. 5 or more GCSEs (or equivalents) graded A* to C, including English & Maths. For each age range from 21 and over, males consistently had a larger number of prosecutions (approximately three times more). In 2018/19, 12,300[footnote 30] young people engaged with liaison and diversion services, of which 19% were female. In 2019, sentences for female offenders had a higher level of concordance with their pre-sentence report (excluding Other) (66%) than male offenders (59%). When split by sex, larger percentage decreases were seen over the last 5 years for female adults (25%) and children (31%) compared to males (21% and 26% respectively). Youth custody report for November 2014 published. In 2019, 15% of the total crime lower legal aid workload was for female clients and this proportion has remained stable over the last 5-year period[footnote 41]. Of those remanded in custody at magistrates court in 2019, 65% of male defendants were sent for trial or sentencing at Crown Court, compared to 50% of female defendants. Well send you a link to a feedback form. , For 2014/15, following SEND reforms, SEN pupils are categorised as SEN with a statement or Education, health and care (EHC) plan and SEN support. Press enquiries should be directed to the Ministry of Justice press office: Other enquiries about these statistics should be directed to the Justice Statistics Analytical Services division of the Ministry of Justice: Damon Wingfield, Responsible Statistician and Head of Criminal Justice System Statistics This compared to Black females accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions. . This is reflected in the higher proportion of females remanded in custody who were sentenced to immediate custody at magistrates court, 17% in 2019 compared to 13% for males. This report is also accompanied by an infographic summarising key findings. Females had a higher average number of reoffences per reoffender compared to males, at 4.33 and 3.99, respectively. Youth custody report for June 2015 published. The proportion of all young offenders in the matched cohort that achieved any pass in their GCSEs (or equivalents) was high; 80% for males and 83% for females. Higher proportions of females in contact with liaison and diversion services were suspected as having issues with alcohol misuse, had financial needs and were abuse victims. The given number currently represents about . The most recent data in this report are from the Child Support Supplement (CSS) to the April 2018 Current Population Survey (CPS). Annual figures are then produced by aggregating the four 3-monthly cohorts within each given year. These offences accounted for a larger proportion of female arrests, whereas drug offences and sexual offences accounted for larger proportions of male arrests. The largest difference between genders in proportions of persistent absence was seen for those who were dealt with by a community penalty. This report provides an overview of these children and their custodial parents, including their socioeconomic characteristics and the types and the amount of child support received from noncustodial parents. , This section looks at persons only and excludes those where sex is not stated. As discussed in Chapter 5: Defendants, in 2019, 26% of individuals[footnote 113] prosecuted in England and Wales were female[footnote 114]. The data described comes from various sources including the Home Office. The statistics reported in this bulletin are primarily National Statistics[footnote 1], as drawn from either other published National Statistics bulletins or the data underpinning them. In 2019, the highest level of concordance (excluding suspended sentence orders) for both males and females was in custodial sentences, at 89% for males and 79% for females[footnote 55]. Monthly statistics on the population in custody of children and young people within secure childrens homes (SCHs), secure training centres (STCs) and young offender institutions (YOIs). Violent crime was reported by a higher proportion of males (2.1%) than females (1.4%) in 2018/19. , Where there were multiple offences on the same occasion, only the primary offence as recorded on the Police National Computer (PNC) would be counted. In 2019, females accounted for the highest proportion of Local Authority prosecutions for the first time since 2016. Youth custody data for April 2018 published. , 2% of adults identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. As with PNDs, a larger proportion of female offenders were cautioned for theft offences (19% compared to 10% for males) whereas a larger proportion of male offenders were cautioned for drug offences (27% compared to 13% for females). Offenders with 1 to 14 previous cautions or convictions. The proportion of young offenders with SEN without a statement across each disposal (except fine) was slightly higher for young female offenders, particularly for custodial sentences. This total includes exclusions from previous schools covered by the exclusion legislation.] , Proven reoffending statistics are reported based on cohorts of offenders who are released from custody, received a non-custodial conviction at court, or received a caution within a three-month period. This is particularly true in relation to the most serious offence types and sentences, though patterns by sex vary between individual offences. Among children aged 6 and under, only 18 percent were in the sole custody of their fathers or in joint custody. Throughout this report we refer to sex rather than gender, because the binary classification better reflects how individuals are generally reported or managed through the CJS. Father-headed households 400,000 families were headed by lone fathers in 2012, representing 13.5% of all single-parent households in the UK according to the Office for National Statistics. Dont worry we wont send you spam or share your email address with anyone. We also use cookies set by other sites to help us deliver content from their services. , Offenders whose sex was unknown were excluded from all analyses in this section, which might lead to very small inconsistencies with other published statistics on offenders. The largest percentage difference is for drug offences which have a median offence to completion that is 47% higher (49 days) for females in comparison to males. Drunkenness in charge of a child females made up 67% of the 162 convictions, up 6 pp from 2015. The majority (95%) of the prison population were male. June 28, 2018. Of all females sentenced in 2019, Black female offenders had the highest custody rate[footnote 75] at 23%. You can change your cookie settings at any time. In 2019, the number of individuals who self-harmed per 1,000 prisoners was 335 for females and 148 for males[footnote 67]. This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology. It is the Ministry of Justices responsibility to maintain compliance with the standards expected for National Statistics. , Breakdown by offence type is not available in the CSEW 2019/20 data. Figure 7.07: Proportion of males and female offenders by offending history, England and Wales, 2015 and 2019. , Caution should be taken when comparing figures for senior staff, however, because the numbers of individuals represented are small - changing a single case could have a noticeable effect. The ACSL for male offenders in 2019 was 19.7 months compared to 11.3 months for female offenders. This compared to Black females, accounting for 6% of all female prosecutions White female defendants accounted for 87% of all female prosecutions, and this has been broadly stable since 2015. Statistics show that women are awarded child custody in nearly 90 percent of all cases. Wed like to set additional cookies to understand how you use GOV.UK, remember your settings and improve government services. This has remained broadly stable since 2015. Possession of an article with blade or point (760 sentenced). Police station advice and magistrates court representation constitute the majority of the total crime lower work load (97%). The main source of referral was the police, accounting for 60% of male and 68% of female young people. , Senior roles are as follows: CPS: Senior Legal Manager, Chief Crown Prosecutor and Senior Civil Servant; MoJ: Senior Civil Servant; HMPPS: Senior Civil Servant; Police: Chief Inspector, Superintendent, Chief Superintendent, and Chief Officers; Judiciary: High Court Judges, Heads of Division and Lord Justices of Appeal. The proportion issued to females has slightly decreased over the last 5 years, from 24% in 2015. Females were typically dealt with for less severe offences at court. , 3% of young people identified as intersex or did not disclose this information. This proportion has remained very similar over the last 5-year period. Figure 5.13: Average custodial sentence length, by sex, 2015 to 2019. Youth custody report for March 2015 published. Most of this decrease is accounted for by a reduction in the number of females prosecuted for theft offences (10,500 fewer in 2019 than in 2015), particularly theft from shops, for which there were 8,200 fewer prosecutions. Of those remanded in custody at Crown Court in 2019, 76% of male offenders were sentenced to immediate custody compared to 60% of females. Similarly, we refer to females / males and women / men in this report, as a reflection of the binary classification in use. , See technical guide for more information on what this service covers. This was much higher than the proportion of all year 11 pupils who had SEN without a statement (including both offenders and non-offenders) in 2013/14[footnote 108] (13% for young females and 18% for young males) and 2014/15[footnote 109] (10% for both young females and 14% for young males). Among children, 7.9% of males reported crimes against the person in 2019/20, significantly more than females did (3.7%). Figure 3.01: Percentage of adults who were victims of personal crime, by type, year ending March 2019. These include: National liaison and diversion services data from NHS England, Survey data from Her Majestys Inspectorate of Prisons Annual Report, (New) Understanding Educational Background of Offenders (MoJ/ DfE data share). Figure 6.02: Proportion of prisoners serving immediate custodial sentences by sentence length, sex, June 2019. Other defendants such as companies and public bodies are also excluded. The only exceptions are when we are deliberately discussing all aged offenders. The matched cohort data also provided information on the proportion of those sentenced/cautioned that have a history of being persistently absent[footnote 110] from school, have a previous record of being permanently excluded[footnote 111] from school, or have received a fixed period exclusion[footnote 112], at any point during KS4. In 2019, 60,800 cautions were issued, 78% to males and 22% to females. In 2018/19, 671 homicides took place; 64% of victims were male and 36% were female. The HMPPS Offender Equalities report 2019/20 (released on the same day as this report) also includes information on: Mother and Baby units, Sexual Orientation in the Prison Population, Accredited Programmes, Incentives and Earned Privileges and Electronic Monitoring. Conveyance of drugs or weapons into or out of prison females made up 53% of 324 convictions in 2019, up 8 pp since 2015. However, the proportion of senior staff who were female was lower than the proportion of staff at all grades across the CJS organisations considered in this section. This may result in a single offender being included in the annual cohort more than once. Female homicide victims were most often between 25-34 years old (17%). 41% of females received a suspended sentence for this offence, compared with 20% of males. Figure 5.07: Remand status at Crown Court, by sex, 2015 to 2019, Outcomes for defendants remanded in custody at Crown Court. Of all sexual offences, indecent exposure and unwanted touching had the highest prevalence rate. The strategy sets out the Government's commitment to a new programme of work for female offenders, which will take some years to deliver, driven by our vision to see: fewer women coming into the criminal justice system and reoffending fewer women in custody, especially on short-term sentences, and a greater Figure 5.01: The journey of males and females through the CJS, 2019. Conviction ratios were higher for summary offences and as a higher proportion of female offences were summary, this in part explains the higher conviction ratio for female offenders. Figure 5.06: Remand status at magistrates courts, by sex, 2015 to 2019. Britain has the highest proportion of fatherless families (2 million) of any major European country. Male homicide victims had higher prevalence in all age groups, except those over 65, and 5-15, where females were more often the victim. When a suspect is formally charged, they are brought before a magistrates court (as a defendant) as soon as possible. , For both indictable and summary offences. Please note that the data for the Open Data for June 2021 has been amended. , A young person may be eligible to claim for FSM if they or their family meet certain criteria related to their income and benefits received. There is no published data available on Fixed Penalty Notices by sex. The overall cautioning rate has been gradually decreasing over the last 5 years, from 18% in 2015 to 11% in 2019, and has been consistently lower for females than males, at 7% for females and 11% for males in 2019. A first time offender is an offender who has been arrested by police in England or Wales; and who has received a first conviction, caution or youth caution for any offence[footnote 87] recorded on the Police National Computer. , Fixed period exclusion refers to a pupil who is excluded from a school for a set period of time. A BBC report suggested that in 2011 men accounted for just 8% of the UK's single parents. , National liaison and diversion services offence groups are based on those used by the Home Office and are not directly comparable to those used in Criminal Justice Statistics quarterly: December 2019, which are used throughout the majority of this bulletin. Department of Work and Pensions benefits statistics, fewer women coming into the criminal justice system and reoffending, fewer women in custody, especially on short-term sentences, and a greater proportion of women managed in the community successfully; and. Highest prevalence in females was seen in those aged 20-24 (15.1%), with younger males experiencing highest prevalence in the 16-19 age group (6.5%). This chapter also includes analysis on the educational attainment and overall educational background of offenders through a data sharing exercise between MoJ and DfE. Truancy females made up 71% of the 19,600 convictions in 2019, down 2 pp from 2015. , Fast Delivery PSR (written) Normally completed on day of request and must be completed within 5 days. They have been excluded from all analyses in this chapter. The Authority considers whether the statistics meet the highest standards of Code compliance, including the value they add to public decisions and debate. The most disturbing though, 27% of fathers have no contact with their children. Figure 9.01: Proportion of practitioners in organisations involved in the CJS of each sex, by organisation, most recent year available vs. five years prior. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual assault in the last year among men aged 16-74 for 2019/20 (0.7%) compared to 2018/19. Of the 34,300 defendants convicted for shoplifting, 9,600 (28%) were female. Reported in the Judicial Diversity Statistics 2019 publication. Figure 5.02: Individuals dealt with formally by the CJS, by sex, 2015 to 2019. Consequently, there is a lower proportion of effective trials for females (43%) compared to males (50%). [A pupil may be excluded for one or more fixed periods up to a maximum of 45 school days in a single academic year. HMPPS (excluding NPS) have seen the largest increase in female representation of senior staff, increasing by 10 percentage points, to 45% in 2020. Our policy in handling revisions is to be transparent with users about: How and when to expect revisions as part of our standard processes. , PSRs provide information to the court about the offender and any circumstances surrounding the offence, to help decide on a suitable sentence. , These are sourced from linked magistrates courts and Crown Court administrative data systems with a match rate of around 90%.