bantu expansion genocide
There is this historian by the name of Simon Webb and this he said that the Bantu Expansion was a genocide of multiple people in South Africa. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian. The scope of the Armenian genocide is usually defined as the physical extermination of Armenian Christians living within the geographic boundaries of the Ottoman Empire, between 1915 and 1916. This paper outlines four stages of the Bantu expansion: first, the initial push through the equatorial forest from the northern to the southern woodlands; second, the occupation of the southern woodland belt from coast to coast; third, the colonization of the Tanzania, Kenya and southern Somali coastline and of the northern sector of the lake . In all probability, however, this was genocide, because it could not have been done without the expectation that death on a mass scale would be the result. Some 6.5 million of those were Muslims migrating from India to Pakistan, and 4.7 million Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan to India. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Swahili traded with the inland kingdoms, including Great Zimbabwe. The wider effect, however, was a cascading implosion of refugees, who displaced only to attack yet weaker groups, who in turn were displaced to do the same. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. They expanded and took the land which is exactly what they will do to Somalia soon if Somalis don't put a stop to it. The causes of the 1932-33 famine can be attributed to nothing more complicated than state interference in production. It reminds me of the whole claim that "slavery was practiced by Africans before the transatlantic slave trade", etc. Granted, there was defo some conflict between the Bantu and Hunter-Gatherers (as well Nilotic and Cushitic pastoralists) but that doesn't mean there was a genocide. Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic. In 1966, Roland Oliver published an article presenting these correlations as a reasonable hypothesis.[17]. Between 1782-1783, a similar crop failure occurred in Ireland, but on that occasion, the British government responded by closing all Irish ports. Based on dental evidence, Irish (2016) concluded that the common ancestors of Central African and Proto-Bantu peoples may have originated in the western Southern region of the Sahara, amid the Kiffian period at Gobero, and may have migrated southward, from the Sahara into various parts of central Africa (e.g. [1] In this campaign, the mighty Zulu nation made one last, desperate effort to throw off the colonial yoke. The Tutsi's . A characteristic feature of most AtlanticCongo languages, including almost all the Bantu languages except Swahili, is their use of tone. This began its extreme animus towards the west, a sentiment reinforced by the overspill of the Vietnam War. A few still live by foraging often supplemented by working for neighbouring farmers in the arid regions around the Kalahari desert, while a larger number of Nama continue their traditional subsistence by raising livestock in Namibia and adjacent South Africa. I actually asked r/askhistorian but they told me the YouTube channel was spreading white supremacy propaganda. The latter, the Khoisan, are the original, and much more ancient race displaced by the Bantu, and relegated in many instances to the arid desert reaches of the west of the sub-continent. 277.Google Scholar, 20 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 194204.Google Scholar, 21 The position in April 1965 was summarized by Dr Brian Fagan in an unpublished paper entitled Iron Age radiocarbon dates in sub-Saharan Africa, presented to the African History Seminar at the School of Oriental and African Studies.Google Scholar, 22 Fagan, Brian, Southern Africa, 949.Google Scholar. The evidence for the first stage is largely linguistic and is likely to remain so. If he was, it might make it easier to explain. Initially, archaeologists believed that they could find archaeological similarities in the region's ancient cultures that the Bantu-speakers were held to have traversed. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. The large-scale expansion of fairly recent language families is one of the reasons for this comparatively low diversity. Hitler harnessed this anger and dissatisfaction and directed it at the Jews. 2002). Muslim nationalists then began demanding a two-state solution, which neither the British nor nationalists like Mohandas Mahatma Gandhi particularly wanted. The debate has never been so much the classification of the event as genocide, although that is, of course, debatable. Bantu people were in far greater numbers and pretty much absorbed most of these groups. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. Millions were killed and displaced, and it hasn't gotten much easier for them since. Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. 23 Ibid. For over 5,000 years the Eastern, Southeastern, and the Midwestern U.S. were populated by mound-building, Native American cultures that constructed anywhere from tens of thousands, to hundreds of thousands of earthen mounds. The regime was toppled in January 1979, and Pol Pot died in April 1998, on the eve of his being handed over to international justice. However, attempts to trace the exact route of the expansion, to correlate it with archaeological evidence and genetic evidence, have not been conclusive; thus although the expansion is widely accepted as having taken place, many aspects of it remain in doubt or are highly contested. However, Simon Webb/History Debunked is a bad faith actor, he cherry picks a lot of his info and he's clearly spreading false history. The Bantu Expansion stands for the concurrent dispersal of Bantu languages and Bantu-speaking people from an ancestral homeland situated in the Grassfields region in the borderland between current-day Nigeria and Cameroon. By the end of the day the Ndwandwe force, although it still outnumbered Shaka's, was in full retreat. No one need ever be reminded that the greatest and least disputed incidence of genocide in modern history was the systematic exterminations of Europes Jews by the Nazi regime of Adolf Hitler. [30], It is clear that there were human populations in the region at the time of the expansion, and pygmies are their closest living relatives. The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Another legendary state derivative of the Bantu Expansion is the Zulu Empire. This particular event, however, became embroiled in other social, political and economic issues, which is where historians tend to point the finger of blame at the British and accuse them of genocide. There are reports that during the last ten years of the Dutch East India Company's rule (1795), 2,504 "Bushmen" were killed, 669 captured and 276 colonists ( Khoikhoi) slain. Of course what i have said may not be 100% but for better clarification pls ask a real historian. "useRatesEcommerce": false No such policy was implemented in 1845, and as such, the famine has been described as artificial, and attributable to a deliberate policy of punishing a stubborn and difficult constituent territory of the Kingdom. How can you have a Cracka, talking about African History?? Shibboleth / Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutions website and Oxford Academic. Total loading time: 0 Herding practices reached the far south several centuries before Bantu-speaking migrants did. A prime example is the Southern African Kingdom of Mapungubwe. There is strength in numbers and our Bantu speaking ancestors always had large families consistent with our pro-natalist mindset. That child, a boy, was given the name Shaka, a pejorative reference to an intestinal parasite. Over 14 million people were displaced along religious lines, and between 1-2 million people lost their lives. In many ways, it defined the British Empire. Congo, Gabon) between 2500 BC and 1200 BC.[18]. affected amongst others the western part of the Congo . [36][37][38], Between the 11th and 16th centuries, powerful Bantu-speaking states on a scale larger than local chiefdoms began to emerge. Between 1.5 and 3 million Cambodians died, or were killed by the regime. The result was a mass slaughter as Muslims trapped in India sought to flee to Pakistan, and Hindus and Sikhs caught in Pakistan tried to make it across the border into India. Professor of international law at the University of Illinois College of Law, Francis A. Boyle, argues that these actions, according to sections (a), (b), and (c) of Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, constitute genocide. A boundary commission, sponsored by the British government, attempted to divide India along Hindu and Muslim lines. The outlines of the fourth stage can be established very largely from traditional evidence. The Khmer Rouge, or the Red Khmer, was a movement born out of the struggle against French colonization. and The last major act of defiance of a native race in southern Africa against European domination was the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. Under the rule of both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin, numerous document examples of unnatural mass deaths have been recorded. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. Sutton, J. E. G. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. Enter your library card number to sign in. 18091. Needless to say, the matter is most keenly felt in the Ukraine, and on 13 January 2010, a Ukrainian court found Joseph Stalin, among numerous other Soviet officials of the period, posthumously guilty of genocide. Their spread was occasioned by a phenomenon known as the Bantu Migration, or Bantu Expansion, which began in the first millennium and concluded towards the end of the 18th century. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. Was it all kumbaya and holding hands? The Cambodian Genocide was ideological, but it was also random and inexplicable, and in the end, its ideological basis dissolved in undiluted murder. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. The dynamics of genocide are rooted in the complex colonial policies of the time. A minor tribe or clan was attacked and utterly obliterated, with only those able to fight or breed spared, to then be assimilated into the Zulu race. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Keywords: Bantu migration, Great Lakes Africa, Bantu . Prior to the arrival of Bantus in Southeast Africa, Cushitic-speaking peoples had migrated into the region from the Ethiopian Highlands and other more northerly areas. It was caused by the failure of the potato crop, thanks to a mold-related blight, which affected a rural population heavily dependent on potatoes as a staple food source. In other words, a ridiculous idea with no basis in rational thought was undertaken and executed with brilliant and systematic precision. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Regarding (1), the chapter argues that the Bantu Expansion did involve the actual migration of Bantu speakers but that backward and forward migration occurred after the initial spread and that Bantu languages also expanded through adoption by autochthonous hunter-gatherers. In both these stages the Bantu expansion seems to have coincided fairly closely with the spread of the Iron Age; and, if the spread of the Iron Age through the area north of the southern woodlands can now be traced in something like the detail which we already have for Zambia and Rhodesia, the mystery of the Bantu expansion will have been largely unravelled. For example, in a number of languages the infinitival is the auxiliary designating the future. It's not white supremacist to study history. The tell-tale sign is the lack of non-bantu Y-DNA left in the area and the MtDNA still surviving, which means they killed the men and "took" the women. The definition of genocide is fluid enough for it to be very easily claimed, and no less easily rejected. https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6https://investigativegenetics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2041-2223-1-6/tables/3. It was one of Africa's oldest iron-smelting centres. After a hundred years, the genocide slowly continued, forced to servitude. There seems to be much more evidence for the Bantu Expansion than the Aryan 'Invasion' (quote marks because some suggest migration, some say invasion). How do you study history? Notable early kingdoms include the Kingdom of the Kongo in present day Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom in the Great Lakes region, the Kingdom of Mapungubwe (c.1075c.1220) in present day South Africa, and the Zambezi River, where the Monomatapa kings built the Great Zimbabwe complex. Bambuti, also called Mbuti, a group of Pygmies of the Ituri Forest of eastern Congo (Kinshasa). As usual, the argument is one of semantics. He introduced concepts of warfare and weaponry revolutionary in his age, and upon the death of Dingiswayo, he assumed the paramountcy of what is today known as Zululand. From Australia, we move to Africa, and a slightly different take on genocide. The hypothesized Bantu expansion pushed out or assimilated the hunter-forager proto-Khoisan, who had formerly inhabited Southern Africa. Their descendants have largely mixed with other peoples and adopted other languages. During the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, an estimated one million people, largely Tutsi, were killed. There was, of course, a great deal of mercantile resistance, but the British government held firm. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. Oliver and Mathew, op. Unfortunately, it is also greatly understudied and often unknown to history enthusiasts. Even to date, records are patchy and inconsistent, and much of what is known is through anecdotal reporting and oral history. However, I've been told by numerous South Africans that the Khoisan have peacefully lived by Nguni peoples for thousands of years and that it is a division tactic. The Urewe culture dominated the Great Lakes region between 650BC and 550BC. Cameroon, Gabon, Central African Republic), as a result of desertification of the Green Sahara in 7000 BC. These communities also integrated and intermarried with the communities already present at the coast. Routledge, London 2003. Ethnic Armenian Christians, mainly living in what would today be modern Turkey, became subject to genocide as the old ruling Caliphate of the Ottoman Empire came under the more modernizing influence of the Young Turks. The Mfecane. By Ellen Rubin. The dissolute prince of a minor tribe, playing fast and loose, raped and impregnated the daughter of a neighboring tribal chieftain. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. However, the climate-induced destruction of this rainforest in 1000BCE propelled the next stage of migration forward at a rapid pace. Bantu Genocide View source Bantu peoples is used as a general label for the 300-600 ethnic groups in Africa who speak Bantu languages. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. India was, as the saying goes, the Jewel in the British Crown. The two tribes share a common ancestry or origin. They inhabit a geographical area stretching east and southward from Central Africa across the African Great Lakes region down to Southern Africa. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region. Also Read: Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Doctors, teachers, monks, journalists, the wealthy, artists, anyone with an education and ethnic or religious minorities were all singled out for arbitrary execution. 32 Photographs of Porajmos, the World War II Romani Gypsy Genocide, Heartbreaking Images of the Rwandan Genocide, Most Blood-Soaked African Battles and Conflicts. Early critics argued this phenomenon was a result of language spread rather than the migration of Bantu-speaking people, but genetic evidence has proved otherwise. This ideological aversion soon extended to ethnic Vietnamese, Chinese, Thais, Christians, Muslims and Buddhists, and indeed anyone at all perceived in any way to be an enemy of the revolution. Even then Bantus aren't native to Tanzania. As is often the case with hotly debated issues, certain factoids bearing little relation to factual evidence emerge. An example of this was the Arab Revolt of the same period, which was facilitated and supported by TE Lawrence, the legendary Lawrence of Arabia. Evidence of the existence of previous African races and tribes can be found in present day DNA records of today's Bantu people. It is for chronological data concerning the second and third stages that we can now turn hopefully to archaeology. The rough chronology established on genealogical evidence has recently been confirmed by radiocarbon dates from Bigo, the earliest site identifiable in the dynastic tradition of the region.Google Scholar, 28 Verhulpen, E., Baluba et Balubaiss (Antwerp, 1939).Google Scholar, 29 Nenquin, J., Notes on some early pottery cultures in North Katanga, Journal of African History, IV (1963), 1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar, 30 Clark, J. Desmond, The spread of food production in sub-Saharan Africa, Journal of African History, III (1962), 222;Google ScholarFagan, B., Southern Africa, 4851.Google Scholar, 31 Oliver, R., Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840, in R. Oliver and G. Mathew, History of East Africa, I (1963), 18091.Google Scholar. The Bantu languages, a closely-knit family of 440 to 680 languages (depending on how one distinguishes between a language and a dialect), are spoken across the southern third of the African continent, from the boundary between modern day Nigeria and Cameroon in the west, to southern Somali in the east, and as far south as the Cape. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The German Empire claimed the colony in 1884, as part of what was known as the Scramble for Africa. Your email address will not be published. Needless to say, there are passionate advocates on both sides of the argument; and certainly a fractious, and historically difficult relationship between Dublin and London is not improved in the slightest by the discussion. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Researchers have found ways to trace the movement of Bantu-speaking peoples that began possibly as early as 2000 BCE. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. The phenomenon was known as the Mfecane, or Difaqane, or the Scattering. I forgot which one, but it was some South African ethnic group that was slaughtered in huge numbers by the Dutch. The primary evidence for the Bantu Expansion is linguistic: the diffusion of Bantu languages throughout the continent. Currently, only the governments of Australia, Argentina, Georgia, Estonia, Italy, Canada, Lithuania, Poland, the USA and Hungary accept that the events of the Holodomor conform to the legal definition of genocide. Armenian Deportees in 1915 Source inserbia.info. Mai Mai militia groups aided in the formation of military bases within the Hutu Refugee camps. The origin or homeland of this process is generally believed to be near the border of Nigeria and Cameroon. Quite as the Turkish government and people reject outright the definition of the Armenian deportation as genocide, so the British government also regard the Great Irish Famine of 1845-1852. . Back on more familiar territory, the Armenian Genocide, also known as the Armenian Holocaust, has long been the subject of furious denial by the Turkish government. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. The BenueCongo branch includes the Bantu languages, which are found throughout Central, Southern, and Eastern Africa. This was an Iron Age Colonization; therefore it Cannot have been earlier in time than the spread of the Iron Age in Indonesia around the first century A.D. Discernible developments in the interior, c. 15001840. From what ik the bantu expansion is that it was a migration of people over a long period of time that did result in some cases as conflict but not wholesale coordinated genocide, in the most cases communties assimilated and mixed into each other and not some mass replacement and removal. [39][40] The Swahili city-states were also established early in this period. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. It is a relatively well-known story, or at least one that African history . His Impis, or regiments, were relentless and unstoppable. In total, about 11.2 million people successfully crossed the India-West Pakistan border in different directions, mostly through the Punjab region. A tell tale sign or mere speculations doesn't equate to proof. But new research from an international team casts doubt on this version of events. To feed the growing industrial centers of the Soviet Union, the entire grain harvest of 1933 was confiscated, leaving local peasant populations with almost nothing to feed themselves. In the 1840s, Ireland existed as part of Great Britain and Ireland, and as such, it was ruled directly from London by the British Government. WWII, however, reconfigured the imperial landscape, and by then, India was demanding independence, and the British were more than willing to give it to them. The so called Bantu expansion or migration is highly suspect. cit. They subsequently rebelled, attracting a violent response from the Germans. This is a man that claims to debunk history yet, all does is whine and bitch about black people in his videos. Personal communication from Mr Fagg.Google Scholar, 14 Unless otherwise stated, all carbon dates are taken from the summaries published in the Journal of African History, II (1961), 1379, and IV (1963), 5278.Google Scholar, 15 Guthrie, Malcolm, loc. In terms of sheer numbers, it is probably the Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Genocide of 1932-33, that racked up the greatest score. Much of this vocabulary is botanical, deals with honey collecting, or is otherwise specialised for the forest and is shared between western Batwa groups. In my view it was probably invented by people who want to claim that most of Southern Africa originally belonged to the Khoisan people, and not the Bantus, and that the Bantus are later arrivals just as the European Colonizers are later arrivals. No genocide to date had been based so completely on myths, on hallucinations, on abstract, nonpragmatic ideology which was then executed by very rational, pragmatic means.. cit. It is thought that Central African Pygmies and Bantus branched out from a common ancestral population c. 70,000 years ago. As heirs to the old Mughal Empire, traditional Muslim leaders enjoyed an influence not particularly congruent with their numbers. Therefore, the Bantu Expansion is not a textbook example of a farming/language dispersal. What followed was an extreme Maoist, Marxist-Leninist movement in Cambodia, and an extreme, and inexplicable antipathy towards intellectuals and professionals. Dingiswayo very quickly noticed that the young Shaka possessed a particular talent for war, and took him into his army. In March 1970, the military in Cambodia ended the traditional rule of Prince Sihanouk. About 3500 years ago, an event began that changed the demographic, linguistic, and cultural makeup of the African continent forever. Until the 1980s, International academic interest in the issue was limited by Soviet censorship, so at the time that it was occurring, very few people were aware of it. "[26] In some places, genetic evidence suggests that Bantu language expansion was largely a result of substantial population replacement. This was to ensure that all food produced in Ireland remained in Ireland, guaranteeing that everyone had enough to eat, even during the leanest times. The mechanics of the Holocaust are now so universally understood that nothing can be added here. Numerous similar crop failures, both in Ireland and elsewhere, had occurred at various times, but without the same catastrophic effect. Starving Herero Tribesmen Source: Wikimedia. The text of this article was commissioned by History Guild as part of our work to improve historical literacy. Get your weekly fill of History Articles and Quizzes. The Khmer Rouge, a communist group headed by revolutionary, Pol Pot, allied itself with Sihanouk against the coup plotters, thus creating the conditions for the bloody civil war that followed. The land rights, of course, were freely utilized, while the protection often simply meant bondage. The departure of the British would naturally bring about democratic rule, and in a society where Hindus vastly outnumbered Muslims, universal suffrage meant Muslim marginalization. fall into the classification of genocide. the bantu empire - two millenia of black supremacy, conquest, genocide, rape, war & colonisation! As we approach the top of the list, the Cambodian Genocide, the infamous Killing Fields of the 1790s, ranks very highly. Historical Maps, Prints, Photographs and Books, Off Green Island, Bass Strait, 1893 Framed Print, Port Jackson from Vaucluse, c1800 Framed Print, Taking back the Homeland Ethiopian Guerrillas in World War II, Doggerland: The Lost World Beneath the North Sea, Interesting Stories of the Mound-Building Native American Civilizations of the Midwest, Map of New Holland and Asiatic Isles, 1814 Framed Print, reproduce it please get in touch via this form, The Conquerors Perspective: Why Europe Has so Many Different Languages, A Continents Currency: 20 years of the Euro, The Roman dead: new techniques are revealing just how diverse Roman Britainwas, Secondary school textbooks teach our kids the myth that Aboriginal Australians were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The ideological underpinning of all of this was simply the Maoist principle of transforming Cambodia into rural and classless society, with a population consigned to labor on collectivized farms. In the East, Bantu-speakers settled around the Great Lakes region and created a new population centre supported by a resource-rich environment. No one was safe, not even children, for as the philosophy went, to stop the weeds you must also pull up their roots. The German government has in recent years heard demands for compensation and recognition of the victims, and the legacy of this event remains a strain on relations between the two nations. [27] In other places, Bantu language expansion, like many other languages, has been documented with population genetic evidence to have occurred by means other than complete or predominant population replacement (e.g. Bearing in mind, however, the likely ramifications of a civil war between Hindus and Muslims in India, it seemed, in the end, the only viable solution. Was the Great Irish Famine genocide? Accompanying charcoal carbon-dated to 266 s.c. 120. for this article. To elucidate the still poorly characterized western Bantu expansion, we analyzed Y-chromosome (25 biallelic polymorphisms and 15 microsatellite markers) and mtDNA (hypervariable control regions I and II and selected coding region RFLPs) variation in a population of 110 individuals from southwest Africa, and compared it with a database of 2,708